This is how the wave-particle duality of light was discovered

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Discovery of the wave-particle duality of light. Is light a wave or a particle? Einstein's derivation of a formula showing that energy fluctuations of light are the sum of the energy fluctuations of waves and the energy fluctuations of particles.

[Notes]
Download the notes on wave-particle duality github.com/jsdiazpo/JK0-Notes-24-Wave-Particle

[Relevant videos]
∘ This math trick revolutionized physics    • This math trick revolutionized physics  
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∘ Full playlist on Quantum Mechanics    • Quantum Mechanics  

[References]
∘ A. Einstein, "On the General Molecular Theory of Heat," Ann. Phys. 14, 354 (1904)
∘ A. Einstein, "On the present status of the radiation problem," Phys. Z. 10, 185 (1909) [PDF p.218]
∘ A. Einstein, "On the development of our views concerning the nature and constitution of radiation," Phys. Z. 10, 817 (1909) [PDF p.870]
∘ S. Bose, "Planck’s law and the hypothesis of light quanta," Z. Phys. 26, 178 (1924)
∘ A. Einstein, "Quantum theory of the monatomic ideal gas, Part II" Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 3, (1925)
∘ M. Born, W. Heisenberg, and P. Jordan, "On Quantum Mechanics II," Z. Physik 35, 557 (1926)

[Credits]
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A. Einstein, public domain
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Wave-particle ambigram by Douglas Hofstadter under CC BY-SA 3.0 Deed
J. Willard Gibbs, public domain
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Hot iron, public domainLight refraction, by ajizai, public domain
Interference pattern, by J.S. Diaz (own work)
Polarization clamp, by A.Davidhazy under CC BY-SA 4.0
Light bulb through diffraction grating, by R.D. Anderson under CC BY-SA 3.0
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